参考文献
[1]
中华医学会放射学分会，中国医师协会放射医师分会．
对比剂使用指南(第1版)．
中华放射学杂志，
2008，
42：
320–
325.
[2]
CostaN.
Understanding contrast media.
J Infus Nurs,
2004，
27：
302–
312.
[3]
KatayamaH, YamaguchiK, KozukaT, et al.
Adverse reactions to ionic and nonionic contrast media. A report from the Japanese Committee on the Safety of Contrast Media.
Radiology,
1990，
175：
621–
628.
[4]
van der MolenAJ, ThomsenHS, MorcosSK.
Contrast Media Safety Committee, European Society of Urogenital Radiology (ESUR). Effect of iodinated contrast media on thyroid function in adults.
Eur Radiol,
2004，
14：
902-
907.
[5]
StaculF, van der MolenAJ, ReimerP, et al.
Contrast Media Safety Committee of European Society of Urogenital Radiology (ESUR). Contrast induced nephropathy: updated ESUR Contrast Media Safety Committee guidelines.
Eur Radiol,
2011，
21：
2527-
2541.
[6]
SudarskyD, NikolskyE.
Contrast-induced nephropathy in interventional cardiology.
Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis,
2011，
4：
85–
99.
[7]
McCulloughP.
Outcomes of contrast-induced nephropathy: experience in patients undergoing cardiovascular intervention.
Catheter Cardiovasc Interv,
2006，
67：
335–
343.
[8]
Al-GhonaimM, PannuN.
Prevention and treatment of contrast-induced nephropathy.
Tech Vasc Interv Radiol,
2006,
9：
42–
49.
[9]
PannuN, WiebeN, TonelliM, et al.
Prophylaxis strategies for contrast-induced nephropathy.
JAMA,
2006,
295：
2765–
2779.
[10]
MertenGJ, BurgessWP, GrayLV, et al.
Prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy with sodium bicarbonate: a randomized controlled trial.
JAMA,
2004，
291：
2328–
2334.
[11]
ToprakO.
Conflicting and new risk factors for contrast induced nephropathy.
J Urol,
2007,
178：
2277–
2283.
[12]
ToprakO, CiritM.
Risk factors and therapy strategies for contrast-induced nephropathy.
Ren Fail,
2006，
28：
365–
381.
[13]
NamasivayamS, KalraMK, TorresWE, et al.
Adverse reactions to intravenous iodinated contrast media: a primer for radiologists.
Emerg Radiol,
2006，
12：
210–
215.
[14]
SolomonR.
The role of osmolality in the incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy: a systematic review of angiographic contrast media in high risk patients.
Kidney Int,
2005，
68：
2256–
2263.
[15]
ThomsenHS, MorcosSK.
Contrast-medium-induced nephropathy: is there a new consensus? A review of published guidelines.
Eur Radiol,
2006，
16：
1835-
1840.
[16]
ThomsenHS.
European Society of Urogenital Radiology (ESUR) guidelines on the safe use of iodinated contrast media.
Eur J Radiol,
2006，
60：
307–
313.
[17]
MorcosSK, ThomsenHS, WebbJA, et al.
Dialysis and contrast media.
Eur Radiol,
2002，
12：
3026–
3030.
[18]
DawsonP.
Contrast agents in patients on dialysis.
Semin Dial,
2002，
15：
232–
236.
[19]
VogtB, FerrariP, SchönholzerC, et al.
Prophylactic hemodialysis after radiocontrast media in patients with renal insufficiency is potentially harmful.
Am J Med,
2001，
111：
692–
698.
[20]
ParfreyPS, GriffithsSM, BarrettBJ, et al.
Contrast material-induced renal failure in patients with diabetes mellitus, renal insufficiency, or both. A prospective controlled study.
N Engl J Med,
1989，
320：
143–
149.
[21]
NikolskyE, MehranR, TurcotD, et al.
Impact of chronic kidney disease on prognosis of patients with diabetes mellitus treated with percutaneous coronary intervention.
Am J Cardiol,
2004，
94：
300–
305.
[22]
张保翠，张玉东，赵凯，等.
静脉注射碘对比剂对不同人群肾功能的影响.
中华放射学杂志，
2013,
47：
335–
339.
[23]
RihalCS, TextorSC, GrillDE, et al.
Incidence and prognostic importance of acute renal failure after percutaneous coronary intervention.
Circulation,
2002，
105：
2259–
2264.
[24]
HizohI, HallerC.
Radiocontrast-induced renal tubular cell apoptosis: hypertonic versus oxidative stress.
Invest Radiol,
2002，
37：
428–
434.
[25]
LissP, NygrenA, OlssonU, et al.
Effects of contrast media and mannitol on renal medullary blood flow and red cell aggregation in the rat kidney.
Kidney Int,
1996，
49：
1268–
1275.
[26]
LissP, NygrenA, HansellP.
Hypoperfusion in the renal outer medulla after injection of contrast media in rats.
Acta Radiol,
1999，
40：
521–
527.
[27]
SeeligerE, FlemmingB, WronskiT, et al.
Viscosity of contrast media perturbs renal hemodynamics.
J Am Soc Nephrol,
2007，
18：
2912–
2920.
[28]
PerssonPB, TepelM.
Contrast medium-induced nephropathy: the pathophysiology.
Kidney Int Suppl,
2006，
100：
S8–
10.
[29]
MaYC, ZuoL, ChenJH, et al.
Modified glomeruar filtration rate estimating equation for Chinese patients with chronic kidney disease.
J Am Soc Nephrol，
2006，
17：
2937–
2944.
[30]
McCulloughPA, WolynR, RocherLL, et al.
Acute renal failure after coronary intervention: incidence, risk factors, and relationship to mortality.
Am J Med,
1997，
103：
368–
375.
[31]
RihalCS, TextorSC, GrillDE, et al.
Incidence and prognostic importance of acute renal failure after percutaneous coronary intervention.
Circulation,
2002，
105：
2259–
2264.
[32]
UddinMA, RabbaniMA, JafaryFH, et al.
Contrast nephropathy in high-risk patients undergoing coronary angiography and intervention.
J Coll Physicians Surg Pak,
2005，
15：
791–
794.
[33]
MehranR, AymongED, NikolskyE, et al.
A simple risk score for prediction of contrast-induced nephropathy after percutaneous coronary intervention: development and initial validation.
J Am Coll Cardiol,
2004，
44：
1393–
1399.
[34]
LautinEM, FreemanNJ, SchoenfeldAH, et al.
Radiocontrast-associated renal dysfunction: incidence and risk factors.
AJR Am J Roentgenol,
1991，
157：
49–
58.
[35]
BartholomewBA, HarjaiKJ, DukkipatiS, et al.
Impact of nephropathy after percutaneous coronary intervention and a method for risk stratification.
Am J Cardiol,
2004，
93：
1515–
1519.
[36]
TaliercioCP, VlietstraRE, IlstrupDM, et al.
A randomized comparison of the nephrotoxicity of iopamidol and diatrizoate in high risk patients undergoing cardiac angiography.
J Am Coll Cardiol,
1991，
17：
384–
390.
[37]
DavidsonC, StaculF, McCulloughPA, et al.
Contrast medium use.
Am J Cardiol,
2006，
98:
K42–
58.
[38]
SharmaSK, KiniA.
Effect of nonionic radiocontrast agents on the occurrence of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with mild-moderate chronic renal insufficiency: pooled analysis of the randomized trials.
Catheter Cardiovasc Interv,
2005，
65：
386–
393.
[39]
JostG, LengsfeldP, LenhardDC, et al.
Viscosity of iodinated contrast agents during renal excretion.
Eur J Radiol,
2011，
80：
373–
377.
[40]
HazirolanT, TurkbeyB, AkpinarE, et al.
The impact of warmed intravenous contrast material on the bolus geometry of coronary CT angiography applications.
Korean J Radiol,
2009,
10：
150–
155.
[41]
李佳欣，任喜君，李学奇.
碘对比剂黏度对微循环的影响.
中华放射学杂志，
2012,
46：
669–
670.
[42]
CigarroaRG, LangeRA, WilliamsRH, et al.
Dosing of contrast material to prevent contrast nephropathy in patients with renal disease.
Am J Med,
1989，
86：
649–
652.
[43]
RaoQA, NewhouseJH.
Risk of nephropathy after intravenous administration of contrast material: a critical literature analysis.
Radiology,
2006，
239：
392–
397.
[44]
MorcosSK.
Prevention of contrast media nephrotoxicity：the story so far.
Clin Radiol,
2004,
59：
381–
389.
[45]
JuergensCP, WinterJP, Nguyen-DoP, et al.
Nephrotoxic effects of iodixanol and iopromide in patients with abnormal renal function receiving N-acetylcysteine and hydration before coronary angiography and intervention: a randomized trial.
Intern Med J,
2009，
39：
25–
31.
[46]
WróbelW, SinkiewiczW, GordonM, et al.
Oral versus intravenous hydration and renal function in diabetic patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions.
Kardiol Pol,
2010，
68：
1015–
1020.
[47]
KrasuskiRA, BeardBM, GeoghaganJD, et al.
Optimal timing of hydration to erase contrast-associated nephropathy: the OTHER CAN study.
J Invasive Cardiol,
2003，
15：
699–
702.
[48]
BaderBD, BergerED, HeedeMB, et al.
What is the best hydration regimen to prevent contrast media-induced nephrotoxicity？.
Clin Nephrol,
2004，
62：
1–
7.
[49]
MarenziG, MaranaI, LauriG, et al.
The prevention of radiocontrast-agent-induced nephropathy by hemofiltration.
N Engl J Med,
2003，
349：
1333–
1340.
[50]
MarenziG, LauriG, CampodonicoJ, et al.
Comparison of two hemo filtration protocols for prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy in high-risk patients.
Am J Med,
2006，
119：
155–
162.
[51]
GuitterezNV, DiazA, TimmisGC, et al.
Determinants of serum creatinine trajectory in acute contrast nephropathy.
J Interv Cardiol,
2002，
15：
349–
354.
[52]
SinghJ, DaftaryA.
Iodinated contrast media and their adverse reactions.
J Nucl Med Technol,
2008，
36：
69–
74.
 - 中华放射学杂志_files/cscd_logo.png){kind=logo}