营养治疗作为危重症患者临床治疗的重要环节之一,在患者的疾病预后中发挥着重要的作用。美国肠外肠内营养学会及重症学会(American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition/Society of Critical Care Medicine,ASPEN/SCCM)[1]和欧洲临床营养与代谢学会(European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism,ESPEN)[2]均指出:对于重症患者,若胃肠道功能良好,推荐早期肠内营养。早期肠内营养是危重症患者首选的喂养方式,不仅能改善患者的营养状况,同时能保持患者肠黏膜结构和功能的完整性,促进疾病的康复[3]。但在临床实践中,危重症患者实施肠内营养时,极易发生腹泻、误吸、高水平胃残余量(gastric residual volume,GRV)和腹胀等并发症[4,5,6]。如何科学、规范地预防和管理肠内营养治疗期间常见的并发症显得尤为重要。鉴于目前国内尚无相关的危重症患者肠内营养并发症护理指南及共识,本共识的撰写团队以循证医学为指导,遴选出危重症患者实施肠内营养期间常见并发症及其干预策略,旨在方便临床医务人员做出科学的护理决策,提高肠内营养治疗的安全性,提升护理质量。
参考文献McClaveSA, TaylorBE, MartindaleRG, et al. Guidelines for the provision and assessment of nutrition support therapy in the adult critically ill patient: Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) and American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (A.S.P.E.N.) [J]. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 2016, 40 (2): 159-211. DOI: 10.1177/0148607115621863.SingerP, BlaserAR, BergerMM, et al. ESPEN guideline on clinical nutrition in the intensive care unit [J]. Clin Nutr, 2019, 38 (1): 48-79. DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2018.08.037.QiuCF, ChenCX, ZhangWX, et al. Fat-modified enteral formula improves feeding tolerance in critically ill patients: a multicenter, single-blind, randomized controlled trial [J]. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 2017, 41 (5): 785-795. DOI: 10.1177/0148607115601858.AgudeloGM, GiraldoNA, AguilarN, et al. Incidence of nutritional support complications in critical patients: multicenter study [J]. Nutr Hosp, 2011, 26 (3): 537-545. DOI: 10.1590/S0212-16112011000300016.米元元,黄培培,董江,等.危重症患者肠内营养不耐受预防及管理的最佳证据总结[J].中华护理杂志, 2019, 54 (12): 1868-1876. DOI: 10.3761/j.issn.0254-1769.2019.12.021.MiYY, HuangPP, DongJ, et al. Best evidence summary for prevention and management of enteral feeding intolerance in critically ill patients [J]. Chin J Nurs, 2019, 54 (12): 1868-1876. DOI: 10.3761/j.issn.0254-1769.2019.12.021.吴白女,潘慧斌,黄培培,等.肠内营养并发胃潴留规范化处理流程对危重症患者喂养达标率的影响[J].中华护理杂志, 2018, 53 (12): 1458-1462. DOI: 10.3761/j.issn.0254-1769.2018.12.010.WuBN, PanHB, HuangPP, et al. The effectiveness of the protocol for gastric retention during enteral nutrition on compliance rate of feeding in critical patients [J]. Chin J Nurs, 2018, 53 (12): 1458-1462. DOI: 10.3761/j.issn.0254-1769.2018.12.010.JormAF. Using the Delphi expert consensus method in mental health research [J]. Aust N Z J Psychiatry, 2015, 49 (10): 887-897. DOI: 10.1177/0004867415600891.王春青,胡雁. JBI证据预分级及证据推荐级别系统(2014版)[J].护士进修杂志, 2015, 30 (11): 964-967. DOI: 10.16821/j.cnki.hsjx.2015.11.002.WangCQ, HuY. JBI evidence pre-grading and evidence recommendation level system (2014 edition) [J]. J Nurs Train, 2015, 30 (11): 964-967. DOI: 10.16821/j.cnki.hsjx.2015.11.002.BischoffSC, SingerP, KollerM, et al. Standard operating procedures for ESPEN guidelines and consensus papers [J]. Clin Nutr, 2015, 34 (6): 1043-1051. DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2015.07.008.医学名词审定委员会肠外肠内营养学名词审定分委员会.肠外肠内营养学名词[M].北京:科学出版社, 2019.Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition Terminology Approval Committee. Terms of parenteral and enteral nutrition [M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2019.HomannHH, KemenM, FuessenichC, et al. Reduction in diarrhea incidence by soluble fiber in patients receiving total or supplemental enteral nutrition [J]. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 1994, 18 (6): 486-490. DOI: 10.1177/0148607194018006486.EisenbergP. An overview of diarrhea in the patient receiving enteral nutrition [J]. Gastroenterol Nurs, 2002, 25 (3): 95-104. DOI: 10.1097/00001610-200205000-00003.WhelanK, JuddPA, PreedyVR, et al. Covert assessment of concurrent and construct validity of a chart to characterize fecal output and diarrhea in patients receiving enteral nutrition [J]. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 2008, 32 (2): 160-168. DOI: 10.1177/0148607108314769.吴梅鹤.住院危重症行肠内营养患者腹泻的危险因素[J].世界华人消化杂志, 2016, 24 (15): 2400-2405. DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v24.i15.2400.WuMH. Risk factors for diarrhea in critically ill patients during enteral nutrition [J]. World Chin J Digestol, 2016, 24 (15): 2400-2405. DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v24.i15.2400.HalmosEP, MuirJG, BarrettJS, et al. Diarrhoea during enteral nutrition is predicted by the poorly absorbed short-chain carbohydrate (FODMAP) content of the formula [J]. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2010, 32 (7): 925-933. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2010.04416.x.de Brito-AshurstI, PreiserJC. Diarrhea in critically ill patients: the role of enteral feeding [J]. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 2016, 40 (7): 913-923. DOI: 10.1177/0148607116651758.PhillipsNM, NayR. Nursing administration of medication via enteral tubes in adults: a systematic review [J]. Int J Evid Based Healthc, 2007, 5 (3): 324-353. DOI: 10.1111/j.1479-6988.2007.00072.x.曹相原.合理选择肠内营养配方[J/OL].中华重症医学电子杂志(网络版), 2018, 4 (1): 11-16. DOI: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.2096-1537.2018.01.004.CaoXY. Reasonable choice of enteral nutrition formula [J/OL]. Chin J Crit Care Intensive Care Med (Electronic Edition), 2018, 4 (1): 11-16. DOI: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.2096-1537.2018.01.004.中华医学会肠外肠内营养学分会神经疾病营养支持学组,中华医学会神经病学分会神经重症协作组,中国医师协会神经内科医师分会神经重症专业委员会.神经系统疾病肠内营养支持中国专家共识(第二版)[J].中华临床营养杂志, 2019, 27 (4): 193-203. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1674-635X.2019.04.001.Neurological Nutrition Support Group, Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, Chinese Medical Association, Neurocritical Care Committee of the Society of Neurology, Chinese Medical Association, Neurocritical Care Committee of the Neurologist Association, Chinese Medical Doctor Association. Chinese expert consensus on enteral nutrition support for neurological diseases (the second version) [J]. Chin J Clin Nutr, 2019, 27 (4): 193-203. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1674-635X.2019.04.001.HeimburgerDC, GeelsVJ, BilbreyJ, et al. Effects of small-peptide and whole-protein enteral feedings on serum proteins and diarrhea in critically ill patients: a randomized trial [J]. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 1997, 21 (3): 162-167. DOI: 10.1177/0148607197021003162.EscuroAA, HummellAC. Enteral formulas in nutrition support practice: is there a better choice for your patient? [J]. Nutr Clin Pract, 2016, 31 (6): 709-722. DOI: 10.1177/0884533616668492.SpapenH, DiltoerM, Van MalderenC, et al. Soluble fiber reduces the incidence of diarrhea in septic patients receiving total enteral nutrition: a prospective, double-blind, randomized, and controlled trial [J]. Clin Nutr, 2001, 20 (4): 301-305. DOI: 10.1054/clnu.2001.0399.BurnsPE, McCallL, WirschingR. Physical compatibility of enteral formulas with various common medications [J]. J Am Diet Assoc, 1988, 88 (9): 1094-1096.KlangM, McLymontV, NgN. Osmolality, pH, and compatibility of selected oral liquid medications with an enteral nutrition product [J]. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 2013, 37 (5): 689-694. DOI: 10.1177/0148607112471560.StrausbaughK. Best practices for managing tube feeding: a nurse's pocket manual [M]. Illinois: Abbott Nutrition, 2012: 14-18.BleichnerG, BléhautH, MentecH, et al. Saccharomyces boulardii prevents diarrhea in critically ill tube-fed patients. A multicenter, randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial [J]. Intensive Care Med, 1997, 23 (5): 517-523. DOI: 10.1007/s001340050367.ShimizuH, ShimomuraY, TakahashiM, et al. Enteral hyperalimentation with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion improved severe diarrhea in poorly controlled diabetic patient [J]. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 1991, 15 (2): 181-183. DOI: 10.1177/0148607191015002181.YiLJ, TianX, ShiB, et al. Early enteral nutrition supplemented with probiotics improved the clinical outcomes in severe head injury: some promising findings from Chinese patients [J]. Medicine (Baltimore), 2019, 98 (17): e15426. DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000015426.ZhaoR, WangY, HuangYQ, et al. Effects of fiber and probiotics on diarrhea associated with enteral nutrition in gastric cancer patients: a prospective randomized and controlled trial [J]. Medicine (Baltimore), 2017, 96 (43): e8418. DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000008418.万鑫.周期性与连续性肠内营养输注方式对危重症患者血糖变异性和预后的影响[D].福州:福建医科大学, 2019. DOI: 10.27020/d.cnki.gfjyu.2019.000023.WanX. Effects of periodic and continuous enteral nutrition infusion on blood glucose variability and prognosis in critically ill patients [D]. Fuzhou: Fujian Medical University, 2019. DOI: 10.27020/d.cnki.gfjyu.2019.000023.翁延宏,顾国胜,朱永龙,等.胃癌病人术后早期肠内营养不耐受的风险因素及对预后影响[J].肠外与肠内营养, 2017, 24 (3): 155-158. DOI: 10.16151/j.1007-810x.2017.03.008.WengYH, GuGS, ZhuYL, et al. Risk factors and prognosis of early postoperative enteral nutrition intolerance in patients with gastric cancer [J]. Parenter Enter Nutr, 2017, 24 (3): 155-158. DOI: 10.16151/j.1007-810x.2017.03.008.O'KeefeSJ. A guide to enteral access procedures and enteral nutrition [J]. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2009, 6 (4): 207-215. DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2009.20.RiceTW, WheelerAP, ThompsonBT, et al. Initial trophic vs full enteral feeding in patients with acute lung injury: the EDEN randomized trial [J]. JAMA, 2012, 307 (8): 795-803. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2012.137.PetrosS, HorbachM, SeidelF, et al. Hypocaloric vs normocaloric nutrition in critically ill patients: a prospective randomized pilot trial [J]. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 2016, 40 (2): 242-249. DOI: 10.1177/0148607114528980.胡延秋,程云,王银云,等.成人经鼻胃管喂养临床实践指南的构建[J].中华护理杂志, 2016, 51 (2): 133-141. DOI: 10.3761/j.issn.0254-1769.2016.02.001.HuYQ, ChengY, WangYY, et al. Development of clinical practice guideline for nasogastric tube feeding in adult patients [J]. Chin J Nurs, 2016, 51 (2): 133-141. DOI: 10.3761/j.issn.0254-1769.2016.02.001.孙仁华,江荣林,黄曼,等.重症患者早期肠内营养临床实践专家共识[J].中华危重病急救医学, 2018, 30 (8): 715-721. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.2095-4352.2018.08.001.SunRH, JiangRL, HuangM, et al. Consensus of early enteral nutrition clinical practice in critically ill patients [J]. Chin Crit Care Med, 2018, 30 (8): 715-721. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.2095-4352.2018.08.001.LordLM. Restoring and maintaining patency of enteral feeding tubes [J]. Nutr Clin Pract, 2003, 18 (5): 422-426. DOI: 10.1177/0115426503018005422.WilliamsNT. Medication administration through enteral feeding tubes [J]. Am J Health Syst Pharm, 2008, 65 (24): 2347-2357. DOI: 10.2146/ajhp080155.BankheadR, BoullataJ, BrantleyS, et al. Enteral nutrition practice recommendations [J]. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 2009, 33 (2): 122-167. DOI: 10.1177/0148607108330314.ChenS, XianW, ChengS, et al. Risk of regurgitation and aspiration in patients infused with different volumes of enteral nutrition [J]. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr, 2015, 24 (2): 212-218. DOI: 10.6133/apjcn.2015.24.2.12.黄选兆.老年人误吸的临床探讨[J].临床耳鼻咽喉科杂志, 2005, 19 (6): 286-288. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1781.2005.06.024.HuangXZ. Clinical study of aspiration in the elderly [J]. J Clin Otolaryngol, 2005, 19 (6): 286-288. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1781.2005.06.024.MethenyNA, Davis-JacksonJ, StewartBJ. Effectiveness of an aspiration risk-reduction protocol [J]. Nurs Res, 2010, 59 (1): 18-25. DOI: 10.1097/NNR.0b013e3181c3ba05.CohenDL, RoffeC, BeavanJ, et al. Post-stroke dysphagia: a review and design considerations for future trials [J]. Int J Stroke, 2016, 11 (4): 399-411. DOI: 10.1177/1747493016639057.宁璞,杨菁菁,孙铁英,等.住院老年人吸入性肺炎患病率及其危险因素分析[J].中华老年医学杂志, 2017, 36 (4): 428-432. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-9026.2017.04.018.NingP, YangJJ, SunTY, et al. Analysis of prevalence rate and risk factors for aspiration pneumonia in elderly inpatients [J]. Chin J Geriatr, 2017, 36 (4): 428-432. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-9026.2017.04.018.刘彩霞,王会倩,张燕华.误吸的常见原因及措施[J].临床合理用药杂志, 2014, 7 (2): 164. DOI: 10.15887/j.cnki.13-1389/r.2014.02.071.LiuCX, WangHQ, ZhangYH. Common causes and measures of aspiration [J]. Chin J Clin Rational Drug Use, 2014, 7 (2): 164. DOI: 10.15887/j.cnki.13-1389/r.2014.02.071.AslamM, VaeziMF. Dysphagia in the elderly [J]. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y), 2013, 9 (12): 784-795.MilesA, MooreS, McFarlaneM, et al. Comparison of cough reflex test against instrumental assessment of aspiration [J]. Physiol Behav, 2013, 118: 25-31. DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.05.004.米元元,沈月,王宗华,等.机械通气患者误吸预防及管理的最佳证据总结[J].中华护理杂志, 2018, 53 (7): 849-856. DOI: 10.3761/j.issn.0254-1769.2018.07.017.MiYY, ShenY, WangZH, et al. Evidence summary for aspiration patients receiving mechanical ventilation [J]. Chin J Nurs, 2018, 53 (7): 849-856. DOI: 10.3761/j.issn.0254-1769.2018.07.017.MarikPE. Pulmonary aspiration syndromes [J]. Curr Opin Pulm Med, 2011, 17 (3): 148-154. DOI: 10.1097/MCP.0b013e32834397d6.秦怀海,沈寻,王文蕾,等.意识障碍患者误吸的原因分析及防治[J].中国煤炭工业医学杂志, 2016, 19 (10): 1432-1434. DOI: 10.11723/mtgyyx1007-9564201610008.QinHH, ShenX, WangWL, et al. Cause and control of more aspiration in patients with disturbance of consciousness [J]. Chin J Coal Industry Med, 2016, 19 (10): 1432-1434. DOI: 10.11723/mtgyyx1007-9564201610008.瞿介明,施毅.中国成人医院获得性肺炎与呼吸机相关性肺炎诊断和治疗指南(2018年版)的更新与解读[J].中华结核和呼吸杂志, 2018, 41 (4): 244-246. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1001-0939.2018.04.002.QuJM, ShiY. Update and understanding: 2018 Chinese guidelines for the dignosis and treatment of adults eith hospital-acquired and ventilator associated pneumonia [J]. Chin J Tuberc Respir Dis, 2018, 41 (4): 244-246. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1001-0939.2018.04.002.BlotSI, PoelaertJ, KollefM. How to avoid microaspiration? A key element for the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia in intubated ICU patients [J]. BMC Infect Dis, 2014, 14: 119. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-119.RouzéA, JailletteE, NseirS. Relationship between microaspiration of gastric contents and ventilator-associated pneumonia [J]. Ann Transl Med, 2018, 6 (21): 428. DOI: 10.21037/atm.2018.07.36.KalletRH. The vexing problem of ventilator-associated pneumonia: observations on pathophysiology, public policy, and clinical science [J]. Respir Care, 2015, 60 (10): 1495-1508. DOI: 10.4187/respcare.03774.JailletteE, Martin-LoechesI, ArtigasA, et al. Optimal care and design of the tracheal cuff in the critically ill patient [J]. Ann Intensive Care, 2014, 4 (1): 7. DOI: 10.1186/2110-5820-4-7.李豪,徐榆林,黄志红,等.人工气道微误吸的研究进展[J].中国护理管理, 2020, 20 (11): 1746-1750. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-1756.2020.11.032.LiH, XuYL, HuangZH, et al. Research progress on microaspiration of artificial airway [J]. Chin Nurs Manag, 2020, 20 (11): 1746-1750. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-1756.2020.11.032.戴静我,陆爱红,何月桂,等. EICU呼吸机相关性肺炎相关因素分析及护理预防[J].护士进修杂志, 2012, 27 (15): 1367-1369. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-6975.2012.15.011.DaiJW, LuAH, HeYG, et al. Analysis of related factors and nursing prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia in EICU [J]. J Nurs Train, 2012, 27 (15): 1367-1369. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-6975.2012.15.011.李卫新.呼吸机相关性肺炎患者相关因素分析[J].齐鲁护理杂志, 2015, 21 (23): 56-57. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-7256.2015.23.026.LiWX. Analysis of related factors in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia [J]. J Qilu Nurs, 2015, 21 (23): 56-57. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-7256.2015.23.026.PawarM, MehtaY, KhuranaP, et al. Ventilator-associated pneumonia: incidence, risk factors, outcome, and microbiology [J]. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, 2003, 17 (1): 22-28. DOI: 10.1053/jcan.2003.4.李秀珍,陈春梅,徐爱花,等.基于误吸风险评估策略下的分层护理干预在ICU机械通气患者中的应用研究[J].中国实用护理杂志, 2019, 35 (5): 367-371. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1672-7088.2019.05.012.LiXZ, ChenCM, XuAH, et al. Study on application of stratified nursing intervention in ICU mechanical ventilation patients based on aspiration risk assessment strategy [J]. Chin J Prac Nurs, 2019, 35 (5): 367-371. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1672-7088.2019.05.012.叶向红,许冰茹,王慧君,等.重症病人早期肠内营养误吸风险评估表的构建[J].肠外与肠内营养, 2019, 26 (6): 346-350. DOI: 10.16151/j.1007-810x.2019.06.007YeXH, XuBR, WangHJ, et al. Construction of risk assessment table for early enteral nutrition aspiration in critically ill patients [J]. Parenter Enter Nutr, 2019, 26 (6): 346-350. DOI: 10.16151/j.1007-810x.2019.06.007.中华医学会呼吸病学分会呼吸治疗学组.人工气道气囊的管理专家共识(草案)[J].中华结核和呼吸杂志, 2014, 37 (11): 816-819. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1001-0939.2014.11.006.Respiratory Therapy Group, Chinese Society of Respiratory Medicine. Expert consensus on the management of artificial airway airbags (draft) [J]. Chin J Tuberc Respir Dis, 2014, 37 (11): 816-819. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1001-0939.2014.11.006.DaveMH, FrotzlerA, SpielmannN, et al. Effect of tracheal tube cuff shape on fluid leakage across the cuff: an in vitro study [J]. Br J Anaesth, 2010, 105 (4): 538-543. DOI: 10.1093/bja/aeq202.MadjdpourC, MauchJ, DaveMH, et al. Comparison of air-sealing characteristics of tapered- vs. cylindrical-shaped high-volume, low-pressure tube cuffs [J]. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 2012, 56 (2): 230-235. DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2011.02542.x.KimJH, KimE, KimIY, et al. Changes in the bronchial cuff pressure of left-sided double-lumen endotracheal tube by lateral positioning: a prospective observational study [J]. J Clin Med, 2021, 10 (8): 1590. DOI: 10.3390/jcm10081590.王莹,马洁,惠彩红,等.间断声门下灌洗结合持续声门下吸引在经口气管插管患者预防呼吸机相关性肺炎中的作用[J].中华护理杂志, 2013, 48 (1): 22-24. DOI: 10.3761/j.issn.0254-1769.2013.01.006.WangY, MaJ, HuiCH, et al. Effect of intermittent irrigation combined with continuous aspiration of subglottic secretion on the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia [J]. Chin J Nurs, 2013, 48 (1): 22-24. DOI: 10.3761/j.issn.0254-1769.2013.01.006.MuscedereJ, RewaO, McKechnieK, et al. Subglottic secretion drainage for the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis [J]. Crit Care Med, 2011, 39 (8): 1985-1991. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e318218a4d9.HudsonJK, McDonaldBJ, MacDonaldJC, et al. Impact of subglottic suctioning on the incidence of pneumonia after cardiac surgery: a retrospective observational study [J]. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, 2015, 29 (1): 59-63. DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2014.04.026.GöczeI, StrengeF, ZemanF, et al. The effects of the semirecumbent position on hemodynamic status in patients on invasive mechanical ventilation: prospective randomized multivariable analysis [J]. Crit Care, 2013, 17 (2): R80. DOI: 10.1186/cc12694.SchallomM, DykemanB, MethenyN, et al. Head-of-bed elevation and early outcomes of gastric reflux, aspiration and pressure ulcers: a feasibility study [J]. Am J Crit Care, 2015, 24 (1): 57-66. DOI: 10.4037/ajcc2015781.FarsiZ, KamaliM, ButlerS, et al. The effect of semirecumbent and right lateral positions on the gastric residual volume of mechanically ventilated, critically ill patients [J]. J Nurs Res, 2020, 28 (4): e108. DOI: 10.1097/jnr.0000000000000377.AlhazzaniW, AlmasoudA, JaeschkeR, et al. Small bowel feeding and risk of pneumonia in adult critically ill patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials [J]. Crit Care, 2013, 17 (4): R127. DOI: 10.1186/cc12806.苏尹,刘洁,车雨桐,等.三级甲等医院护士重症患者早期肠内营养知信行现状[J].中华现代护理杂志, 2019, 25 (30): 3963-3967. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1674-2907.2019.30.027.SuY, LiuJ, CheYT, et al. Nurses' knowledge-attitude-practice status on early enteral nutrition of critically ill patients in Class ⅢGrade A hospitals [J]. Chin J Mod Nurs, 2019, 25 (30): 3963-3967. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1674-2907.2019.30.027.高磊,杨雯.幽门后喂养在高龄重症患者中应用的安全性及有效性研究[J].中国基层医药, 2020, 27 (24): 2961-2965. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1008-6706.2020.24.005.GaoL, YangW. Study on the safety and effectiveness of postpyloric feeding in elderly patients with severe diseases [J]. Chin J Prim Med Pharm, 2020, 27 (24): 2961-2965. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1008-6706.2020.24.005.Reintam BlaserA, StarkopfJ, AlhazzaniW, et al. Early enteral nutrition in critically ill patients: ESICM clinical practice guidelines [J]. Intensive Care Med, 2017, 43 (3): 380-398. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-016-4665-0.邓云霞,孙志琴,徐正梅,等. ICU病人早期肠内营养输注速度与腹内压的相关性研究[J].肠外与肠内营养, 2014, 21 (5): 311-312. DOI: 10.16151/j.1007-810x.2014.05.038.DengYX, SunZQ, XuZM, et al. Study on the correlation between early enteral nutrition infusion rate and intra-abdominal pressure in ICU patients [J]. Parenter Enter Nutr, 2014, 21 (5): 311-312. DOI: 10.16151/j.1007-810x.2014.05.038.BlaserAR, StarkopfJ, KirsimägiÜ, et al. Definition, prevalence, and outcome of feeding intolerance in intensive care: a systematic review and meta-analysis [J]. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 2014, 58 (8): 914-922. DOI: 10.1111/aas.12302.RhodesA, EvansLE, AlhazzaniW, et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock: 2016 [J]. Intensive Care Med, 2017, 43 (3): 304-377. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-017-4683-6.CheathamML, MalbrainML, KirkpatrickA, et al. Results from the International Conference of Experts on Intra-abdominal Hypertension and Abdominal Compartment Syndrome.Ⅱ. Recommendations [J]. Intensive Care Med, 2007, 33 (6): 951-962. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-007-0592-4.向成林,冯仁,米元元,等.床旁超声评估危重症患者肠内营养胃残余量的可行性研究[J].中国实用护理杂志, 2020, 36 (19): 1446-1451. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn211501-20191031-03147.XiangCL, FengR, MiYY, et al. Feasibility of using bedside ultrasound to evaluate residual gastric volume in critical ill patients with enteral nutrition support [J]. Chin J Prac Nurs, 2020, 36 (19): 1446-1451. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn211501-20191031-03147.TakatoriK, YoshidaR, HoraiA, et al. Therapeutic effects of mosapride citrate and lansoprazole for prevention of aspiration pneumonia in patients receiving gastrostomy feeding [J]. J Gastroenterol, 2013, 48 (10): 1105-1110. DOI: 10.1007/s00535-012-0725-6.MacLarenR, KiserTH, FishDN, et al. Erythromycin vs metoclopramide for facilitating gastric emptying and tolerance to intragastric nutrition in critically ill patients [J]. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 2008, 32 (4): 412-419. DOI: 10.1177/0148607108319803.ChenYC. Critical analysis of the factors associated with enteral feeding in preventing VAP: a systematic review [J]. J Chin Med Assoc, 2009, 72 (4): 171-178. DOI: 10.1016/S1726-4901(09)70049-8.房玉丽,艾山木,梁泽平,等.临床措施对重型颅脑损伤病人肠内营养耐受性影响的回顾性研究[J].护理研究, 2020, 34 (1): 50-56. DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2020.01.009.FangYL, AiSM, LiangZP, et al. Effect of clinical measures on enteral nutrition tolerance in patients with severe traumatic brain injury: a retrospective study [J]. Chin Nurs Res, 2020, 34 (1): 50-56. DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2020.01.009.PrichardD, NortonC, BharuchaAE. Management of opioid-induced constipation [J]. Br J Nurs, 2016, 25 (10): S4-5, S8-11. DOI: 10.12968/bjon.2016.25.10.S4.KlompasM, BransonR, EichenwaldEC, et al. Strategies to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia in acute care hospitals: 2014 update [J]. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 2014, 35Suppl 2: S133-154. DOI: 10.1017/s0899823x00193894.贺慧为,杨春丽,陈志,等.以驱动压为导向的镇静策略对机械通气患者预后影响的研究[J].中华危重病急救医学, 2020, 32 (10): 1217-1220. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn121430-20200514-00385.HeHW, YangCL, ChenZ, et al. Study on the effect of sedation strategy guided by driving pressure on prognosis of patients with mechanical ventilation [J]. Chin Crit Care Med, 2020, 32 (10): 1217-1220. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn121430-20200514-00385.McClaveSA, DeMeoMT, DeLeggeMH, et al. North American summit on aspiration in the critically ill patient: consensus statement [J]. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 2002, 26 (6Suppl): S80-85. DOI: 10.1177/014860710202600613.张丹羽,王卫华,谢丽.亚甲蓝在机械通气患者胃反流误吸监测中的应用[J].护理学杂志, 2015, 30 (4): 14-16. DOI: 10.3870/hlxzz.2015.04.014.ZhangDY, WangWH, XieL. Application of methylene blue to monitoring of gastro-oesophageal reflux and pulmonary aspiration in mechanically ventilated patients [J]. J Nurs Sci, 2015, 30 (4): 14-16. DOI: 10.3870/hlxzz.2015.04.014.NguyenNQ, ChapmanM, FraserRJ, et al. Prokinetic therapy for feed intolerance in critical illness: one drug or two? [J]. Crit Care Med, 2007, 35 (11): 2561-2567. DOI: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000286397.04815.B1.PintoTF, RochaR, PaulaCA, et al. Tolerance to enteral nutrition therapy in traumatic brain injury patients [J]. Brain Inj, 2012, 26 (9): 1113-1117. DOI: 10.3109/02699052.2012.666369.NguyenNQ, BryantLK, BurgstadCM, et al. Gastric emptying measurement of liquid nutrients using the 13C-octanoate breath test in critically ill patients: a comparison with scintigraphy [J]. Intensive Care Med, 2013, 39 (7): 1238-1246. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-013-2881-4.周松,王婧,查丽玲,等. ICU病人胃残留量临界值设置的研究进展[J]. 肠外与肠内营养, 2017, 24 (1): 55-58. DOI: 10.16151/j.1007-810x.2017.01.014.ZhouS, WangJ, ZhaLL, et al. Research progress on critical value setting of gastric residue in ICU patients [J]. Parenter Enter Nutr, 2017, 24 (1): 55-58. DOI: 10.16151/j.1007-810x.2017.01.014.OzenN, TosunN, YamanelL, et al. Evaluation of the effect on patient parameters of not monitoring gastric residual volume in intensive care patients on a mechanical ventilator receiving enteral feeding: a randomized clinical trial [J]. J Crit Care, 2016, 33: 137-144. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2016.01.028.ElkeG, FelbingerTW, HeylandDK. Gastric residual volume in critically ill patients: a dead marker or still alive? [J]. Nutr Clin Pract, 2015, 30 (1): 59-71. DOI: 10.1177/0884533614562841.赵浩天,龙玲,任珊,等.超声监测胃残余量对肠内营养实施的指导和评估新进展[J].肠外与肠内营养, 2020, 27 (1): 56-60. DOI: 10.16151/j.1007-810x.2020.01.013.ZhaoHT, LongL, RenS, et al. The new progress of ultrasound monitoring of gastric residual quantity in the implementation of enteral nutrition [J]. Parenter Enter Nutr, 2020, 27 (1): 56-60. DOI: 10.16151/j.1007-810x.2020.01.013.LewisK, AlqahtaniZ, McintyreL, et al. The efficacy and safety of prokinetic agents in critically ill patients receiving enteral nutrition: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials [J]. Crit Care, 2016, 20 (1): 259. DOI: 10.1186/s13054-016-1441-z.DickersonRN, MitchellJN, MorganLM, et al. Disparate response to metoclopramide therapy for gastric feeding intolerance in trauma patients with and without traumatic brain injury [J]. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 2009, 33 (6): 646-655. DOI: 10.1177/0148607109335307.卢年芳,郑瑞强,林华,等.红霉素和甲氧氯普胺治疗重症监护病房患者胃排空障碍的研究[J].中国危重病急救医学, 2010, 22 (1): 36-39. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1003-0603.2010.01.015.LuNF, ZhengRQ, LinH, et al. Study of erythromycin and metoclopramide in treatment of feeding intolerance of critically ill patients in Intensive care unit [J]. Chin Crit Care Med, 2010, 22 (1): 36-39. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1003-0603.2010.01.015.Gholipour BaradariA, AlipourA, FirouzianA, et al. A double-blind randomized clinical trial comparing the effect of neostigmine and metoclopramide on gastric residual volume of mechanically ventilated ICU patients [J]. Acta Inform Med, 2016, 24 (6): 385-389. DOI: 10.5455/aim.2016.24.385-389.FraserRJ, BryantL. Current and future therapeutic prokinetic therapy to improve enteral feed intolerance in the ICU patient [J]. Nutr Clin Pract, 2010, 25 (1): 26-31. DOI: 10.1177/0884533609357570.邢娟,章仲恒,柯路,等. 2017年中国ICU患者营养治疗实施状况横断面调查[J].解放军医学杂志, 2019, 44 (5): 388-393. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2019.05.05.XingJ, ZhangZH, KeL, et al. A cross-sectional study on nutritional status of ICU patients in the mainland China [J]. Med J Chin PLA, 2019, 44 (5): 388-393. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2019.05.05.SerpaLF, KimuraM, FaintuchJ, et al. Effects of continuous versus bolus infusion of enteral nutrition in critical patients [J]. Rev Hosp Clin Fac Med Sao Paulo, 2003, 58 (1): 9-14. DOI: 10.1590/s0041-87812003000100003.BordejéML, MontejoJC, MateuML, et al. Intra-abdominal pressure as a marker of enteral nutrition intolerance in critically ill patients. The PIANE study [J]. Nutrients, 2019, 11 (11): 2616. DOI: 10.3390/nu11112616.葛争红,陆桂银,高丹凤.腹部按摩对昏迷患者肠内营养后胃潴留的影响[J].广东医学, 2013, 34 (15): 2431-2433. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-9448.2013.15.062.GeZH, LuGY, GaoDF. Effect of abdominal massage on gastric retention after enteral nutrition in coma patients [J]. Guangdong Med J, 2013, 34 (15): 2431-2433. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-9448.2013.15.062.UysalN. The effect of abdominal massage administered by caregivers on gastric complications occurring in patients intermittent enteral feeding: a randomized controlled trial [J]. Eur J Integr Med, 2017: S999990964. DOI: 10.1016/j.eujim.2017.01.014.BoullataJI, CarreraAL, HarveyL, et al. ASPEN safe practices for enteral nutrition therapy [J]. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 2017, 41 (1): 15-103. DOI: 10.1177/0148607116673053.KozenieckiM, FritzshallR. Enteral nutrition for adults in the hospital setting [J]. Nutr Clin Pract, 2015, 30 (5): 634-651. DOI: 10.1177/0884533615594012.卜凡莉,梁枫,王珂,等.对ICU行肠内营养支持患者胃残留量监测相关系统评价的再评价[J].护理学报, 2019, 26 (5): 25-29. DOI: 10.16460/j.issn1008-9969.2019.05.025.BuFL, LiangF, WangK, et al. Overviews of reviews on gastric residual volume monitoring in ICU patients with enteral nutrition support [J]. J Nurs, 2019, 26 (5): 25-29. DOI: 10.16460/j.issn1008-9969.2019.05.025.中华医学会肠外肠内营养学分会老年营养支持学组.老年患者肠外肠内营养支持中国专家共识[J].中华老年医学杂志, 2013, 32 (9): 913-929. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-9026.2013.09.001.Elderly Nutrition Support Group of Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition of the Chinese Medical Association. Chinese expert consensus on elderly parenteral and enteral nutrition support [J]. Chin J Geriatr, 2013, 32 (9): 913-929. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-9026.2013.09.001.LiQ, ZhangZH, XieB, et al. Effectiveness of enteral feeding protocol on clinical outcomes in critically ill patients: a before and after study [J]. PLoS One, 2017, 12 (8): e0182393. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182393.张丽,王莹,李培培,等.益生菌对危重症肠内营养患者胃肠功能影响的Meta分析[J].中华现代护理杂志, 2017, 23 (20): 2609-2614. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1674-2907.2017.20.009.ZhangL, WangY, LiPP, et al. Influence of probiotics on gastrointestinal function in critical patients with enteral nutrition: a Meta-analysis [J]. Chin J Mod Nurs, 2017, 23 (20): 2609-2614. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1674-2907.2017.20.009.HayT, BellomoR, RechnitzerT, et al. Constipation, diarrhea, and prophylactic laxative bowel regimens in the critically ill: a systematic review and meta-analysis [J]. J Crit Care, 2019, 52: 242-250. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2019.01.004.CirilloC, CapassoR. Constipation and botanical medicines: an overview [J]. Phytother Res, 2015, 29 (10): 1488-1493. DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5410.王平.肠内营养液输注速度及温度对患者胃肠道不良反应的影响[J].中国肛肠病杂志, 2020, 40 (5): 63-64. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1174.2020.05.029.WangP. Influence of enteral nutrient infusion rate and temperature on gastrointestinal untoward reaction [J]. Chin J Coloproctol, 2020, 40 (5): 63-64. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1174.2020.05.029.李彦波,刘于红,费月海.增温器在ICU老年重症患者肠内营养过程中必要性研究[J].临床军医杂志, 2016, 44 (3): 320-322. DOI: 10.16680/j.1671-3826.2016.03.26.LiYB, LiuYH, FeiYH. The necessary of heating device for enteral nutrition in ICU geriatric patients [J]. Clin J Med Offic, 2016, 44 (3): 320-322. DOI: 10.16680/j.1671-3826.2016.03.26.刘志光,刘文明,蒋建红,等.老年慢性阻塞性肺病急性发作机械通气患者早期滋养性营养与足量肠内喂养的比较研究[J].临床急诊杂志, 2015, 16 (11): 833-836, 839. DOI: 10.13201/j.issn.1009-5918.2015.11.005.LiuZG, LiuWM, JiangJH, et al. Clinical observation of nutritional support in the treatment of AECOPD patients complicated with respiratory failure [J]. J Clin Emerg, 2015, 16 (11): 833-836, 839. DOI: 10.13201/j.issn.1009-5918.2015.11.005.CarronM, FreoU, BaHammamAS, et al. Complications of non-invasive ventilation techniques: a comprehensive qualitative review of randomized trials [J]. Br J Anaesth, 2013, 110 (6): 896-914. DOI: 10.1093/bja/aet070.刘珊珊,谢波,徐菊玲,等. ICU机械通气患者肠内营养不同输注速度对腹内压及喂养不耐受的影响[J].湖州师范学院学报, 2019, 41 (4): 64-67.LiuSS, XieB, XuJL, et al. Effects of different infusion velocity of enteral nutritionon intra-abdominal pressure and feeding intolerance in mechanical ventilation patients in ICU [J]. J Huzhou Univ, 2019, 41 (4): 64-67.KahramanBB, OzdemirL. The impact of abdominal massage administered to intubated and enterally fed patients on the development of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a randomized controlled study [J]. Int J Nurs Stud, 2015, 52 (2): 519-524. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2014.11.001.李晨露,程云,薛丹丹,等.腹部按摩对重症病人鼻饲相关并发症影响的系统评价[J].护理研究, 2017, 31 (14): 1690-1695. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-6493.2017.14.008.LiCL, ChengY, XueDD, et al. Systematic review of influence of abdominal massage on complications in patients with nasogastric tube feeding [J]. Chin Nurs Res, 2017, 31 (14): 1690-1695. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-6493.2017.14.008.DehghanM, MalakoutikhahA, Ghaedi HeidariF, et al. The effect of abdominal massage on gastrointestinal functions: a systematic review [J]. Complement Ther Med, 2020, 54: 102553. DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102553.McRorieJWJr, McKeownNM. Understanding the physics of functional fibers in the gastrointestinal tract: an evidence-based approach to resolving enduring misconceptions about insoluble and soluble fiber [J]. J Acad Nutr Diet, 2017, 117 (2): 251-264. DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2016.09.021.McRorieJW, CheyWD. Fermented fiber supplements are no better than placebo for a laxative effect [J]. Dig Dis Sci, 2016, 61 (11): 3140-3146. DOI: 10.1007/s10620-016-4304-1.MalusoP, OlsonJ, SaraniB. Abdominal compartment hypertension and abdominal compartment syndrome [J]. Crit Care Clin, 2016, 32 (2): 213-222. DOI: 10.1016/j.ccc.2015.12.001.KirkpatrickAW, RobertsDJ, De WaeleJ, et al. Intra-abdominal hypertension and the abdominal compartment syndrome: updated consensus definitions and clinical practice guidelines from the World Society of the Abdominal Compartment Syndrome [J]. Intensive Care Med, 2013, 39 (7): 1190-1206. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-013-2906-z.BejaranoN, NavarroS, RebasaP, et al. Intra-abdominal pressure as a prognostic factor for tolerance of enteral nutrition in critical patients [J]. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 2013, 37 (3): 352-360. DOI: 10.1177/0148607112464238.KimballEJ, BaraghoshiGK, MoneMC, et al. A comparison of infusion volumes in the measurement of intra-abdominal pressure [J]. J Intensive Care Med, 2009, 24 (4): 261-268. DOI: 10.1177/0885066609335730.桂水清,罗旭,黄振华.腹内压与膀胱压直线相关性的研究[J].中国医学创新, 2012, 9 (34): 120-121. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2012.34.080.GuiSQ, LuoX, HuangZH. Study on linear correlation between intra-abdominal pressure and bladder pressure [J]. Med Innovation China, 2012, 9 (34): 120-121. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2012.34.080.YiM, LengYX, BaiY, et al. The evaluation of the effect of body positioning on intra-abdominal pressure measurement and the effect of intra-abdominal pressure at different body positioning on organ function and prognosis in critically ill patients [J]. J Crit Care, 2012, 27 (2): 222. e1-6. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2011.08.010.VerbruggeFH, DupontM, SteelsP, et al. Abdominal contributions to cardiorenal dysfunction in congestive heart failure [J]. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2013, 62 (6): 485-495. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.04.070.唐昊,张连阳.重视腹腔顺应性的评估及临床应用[J/CD].中华疝和腹壁外科杂志(电子版), 2020, 14 (1): 5-8. DOI: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.1674-392X.2020.01.002.TangH, ZhangLY. Value of evaluation and clinical application of abdominal compliance [J/CD]. Chin J Hernia Abdominal Wall Surg (Electronic Edition), 2020, 14 (1): 5-8. DOI: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.1674-392X.2020.01.002.Reintam BlaserA, ParmP, KitusR, et al. Risk factors for intra-abdominal hypertension in mechanically ventilated patients [J]. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 2011, 55 (5): 607-614. DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2011.02415.x.李琴,吴永红,贡浩凌.输注递增速度对重症急性胰腺炎患者腹内压及早期肠内营养耐受性的影响[J].临床与病理杂志, 2018, 38 (5): 998-1003. DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2095-6959.2018.05.015.LiQ, WuYH, GongHL. Effect of increasing infusion rate on intra-abdominal pressure and early enteral nutrition tolerance in patients with severe acute pancreatitis [J]. J Chin Pathol Res, 2018, 38 (5): 998-1003. DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2095-6959.2018.05.015.邓宝群,代高英.腹内压对重症急性胰腺炎病人早期肠内营养喂养不耐受的预测价值[J].护理研究, 2020, 34 (8): 1378-1382. DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2020.08.014.DengBQ, DaiGY. Predictive value of intra-abdominal pressure for feeding intolerance of early enteral nutrition in patients with severe acute pancreatitis [J]. Chin Nurs Res, 2020, 34 (8): 1378-1382. DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2020.08.014.伍丽霞,容永璋,曾金莺,等.腹内压监测在危重患者早期肠内营养中的应用效果[J].岭南现代临床外科, 2015, 15 (2): 156-158. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-976X.2015.02.009.WuLX, RongYZ, ZengJY, et al. Effect of intra abdominal pressure monitoring on early enteral nutrition in ICU patients [J]. Lingnan Modern Clin Surg, 2015, 15 (2): 156-158. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-976X.2015.02.009.叶向红,彭南海,江方正,等.重症急性胰腺炎合并腹腔高压患者早期肠内营养耐受性的管理[J].中华护理杂志, 2016, 51 (12): 1439-1442. DOI: 10.3761/j.issn.0254-1769.2016.12.006.YeXH, PengNH, JiangFZ, et al. Early enteral nutrition tolerance management of severe acute pancreatitis patients complicated with intra-abdominal hypertension [J]. Chin J Nurs, 2016, 51 (12): 1439-1442. DOI: 10.3761/j.issn.0254-1769.2016.12.006.