重症患者营养不良发生率高达30%~50%,可导致总住院时间及重症监护病房(intensive care unit,ICU)住院时间明显延长,感染、ICU获得性肌无力等并发症显著增加[1,2]。医学营养治疗是重症患者的重要治疗手段之一,在患者血流动力学及内环境基本稳定的情况下,应实施积极的医学营养治疗,其中,肠外营养(parenteral nutrition,PN)是医学营养治疗的重要组成部分。国内外指南也推荐在肠内营养(enteral nutrition,EN)禁忌或不足时,可进行全胃肠外营养(total parenteral nutrition,TPN)或补充性肠外营养(supplementary parenteral nutrition,SPN)治疗。目前认为,合理规范的PN可改善重症患者的临床预后,但有关PN的启动时机、方法、成分及剂量等问题仍然存在很多争议[1,2,3,4]。因此,浙江省医学会重症医学分会召集重症医学领域专家,基于GRADE证据质量分级标准,以临床问题为导向,根据目前循证医学证据,制定了《中国重症患者肠外营养治疗临床实践专家共识(2024)》,并请40位专家为每条推荐意见进行评分,以均数±标准差(±s)列于推荐意见之后作为推荐强度,为临床营养实践中PN的规范化和标准化实施提供专业建议。本共识已通过国际实践指南注册与透明化平台(Practice Guideline Registration for Transparency,PREPARE)进行了注册(注册号:PREPARE-2024CN753)。
1 对于有高营养风险或严重营养不良的重症患者,什么时候是PN启动的时机?
既往研究表明,与PN相比,早期EN可降低重症患者感染发生率,缩短ICU住院时间[5],因此建议对于存在高营养风险或严重营养不良的重症患者,应在不能耐受EN时才启动PN,且在未尝试所有优化EN耐受性措施前不应启用PN [6]。但有两项分别纳入2 388例和2 410例ICU患者的大型多中心临床研究通过比较入ICU 3 d内给予PN与EN的预后表明,两组患者90 d病死率及感染发生率差异均无统计学意义,而EN组胃肠道不耐受、急性假性肠梗阻和肠缺血的发生率更高[6,7]。2022年美国肠外肠内营养学会(American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition,ASPEN)指南建议重症患者入ICU 7 d内给予PN或EN均可接受,二者在成本和操作便利性方面的差异可能是医生决定治疗方式的重要因素[8]。
PN输注途径的选择主要考虑以下因素:预期给药持续时间、PN配方和患者血管条件等。外周静脉的脆弱性限制了PN的持续时间和成分,但有研究表明,当PN营养液配方中氨基酸浓度<5%、葡萄糖浓度<10%、渗透压<900 mOsm/L且PN支持时间短暂时,选择外周静脉输注是安全的[11]。经中心静脉导管或外周中心静脉导管(peripherally inserted central catheter,PICC)输注的优势是不受PN营养液成分、pH值、渗透压或体积的限制,因此推荐重症患者优先选择中心静脉导管或PICC作为PN的输注途径[12]。
足量的蛋白质供给对患者预后同样起着十分重要的作用[16,17]。建议采用氮平衡监测以指导蛋白质补充。重症患者因高分解代谢导致体质量和肌肉快速丢失,这会增加并发症发生率和病死率。在提供足够适当能量的前提下,适当的氮补充可起到纠正负氮平衡、修复损伤组织及合成蛋白质的作用。一项前瞻性观察性研究显示,当蛋白质和热量均达到理想目标剂量时,患者28 d病死率明显下降;但仅热量达标而蛋白质不足时,其病死率并未改善[18]。有研究表明,重症患者在无过度喂养时,蛋白质摄入量与病死率成反比[19]。2016年ASPEN指南建议每天补充蛋白质1.2~2.0 g·kg-1·d-1[10],而2018年欧洲肠外肠内营养学会(European Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition,ESPEN)指南则建议目标蛋白量>1.3 g·kg-1·d-1[4]。
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