HuangXinyue1LinChen2ChenZhuo3LinYuxiu4ZhangLu4ChenZhi41Department of Cariology & Endodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China2The Second Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361000, China3Department of Endodontics, Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310016, China4State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
牙髓炎是由于损伤或感染引起的牙髓炎症,而根尖周炎是由于牙髓坏死引起的根尖周围组织的炎症和破坏[1]。伴有自发痛的牙髓炎是口腔急诊的最常见原因,近期研究表明,全球半数的成年人至少有一颗牙患有根尖周炎,这凸显了牙髓病和根尖周病巨大的罹患人群和较高的患病率[2, 3, 4, 5]。欧洲牙髓病学会(European Society of Endodontology,ESE)应用分级的评估、制订与评价(grading of recommendations assessment,development and evaluation,GRADE)流程,对现有牙髓病和根尖周病相关的循证医学证据进行收集整理,评估证据的质量和等级,在达成结构化共识过程中提出具体的专家建议,并于2023年10月发布牙髓病和根尖周病的S3级临床实践指南(以下简称S3级指南)[6]。
“S3级临床实践指南”的概念由德国医学科学学会联盟(Association of Scientific Medical Societies in Germany)提出,为该指南分类系统中的最高等级[21]。S3级指南的制订,结合了对现有证据的系统评价和指南工作小组的临床实践共识。S3级指南的制订过程中,首先应用GRADE原理评估循证证据质量,并分为高、中、低、极低四级[22]。但高证据质量不一定产生强推荐,还需要综合考虑其他因素,如利害平衡、伦理法律、价值观和患者意愿等,综合得出推荐等级[23]。推荐等级反映一项干预措施是否利大于弊的确定程度。在S3级指南中,将推荐等级分为“强”“弱”和“开放”3个等级,并依次对应使用“推荐”“建议”和“可以考虑”的术语(图1)。
10.3760/cma.j.cn112144-20240404-00134.F001
依据证据质量形成推荐等级示意图
注:黄色连接线表示高证据质量不一定直接产生强推荐,还需综合考虑其他因素
二、诊断、治疗流程和策略(一)诊断
牙髓炎的分类,目前广泛使用的是美国牙髓病学协会(American Association of Endodontists,AAE)提出的分类,即可复性和不可复性牙髓炎,但其具有一定的局限性。近年来尽管有新的分类方法,如Wolters分类等[24, 25],但尚未被广泛认可和接受。鉴于以上的局限性,S3级指南中使用了“有自发痛牙髓炎”或“无自发痛牙髓炎”的表述。在根尖周炎方面,尽管临床上分为急性和慢性根尖周炎,S3级指南中仅使用了根尖周炎。
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